International Marketing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2522 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? INTERNATIONAL MARKETING Assignment set 1 Q: 1 Explain the different economic indicators which give us the idea of the economic condition of the country in brief. The economic condition can be measured with the help of some economic indicators. These are the variables designed to predict changes in the business cycle. The size of population He larger the population, larger will be the market. The population of a country changes because of the three factors listed below: 1) Birth rate. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Marketing" essay for you Create order 2) Death rate. 3) Migration in and out of the country The distribution of population is an important aspect of forecasting the demand of the product and is helpful in market segmentation decisions. Different age groups will have different demands and population density is a good pointer of market attractiveness. Level of income and its distribution: The income level is usually represented by Gross national product (GNP) or Gross Domestic product (GDP). GDP: it is the aggregate of the total output of goods and services by a country during a financial year. GNP: GDP plus the income from abroad. World Bank has classified countries by their per capita income in the following categories: Low income countries US $ 875 or less. Middle income countries US $ 876-10725. High income countries US $ 10,726 or above. Another way of classifying countries according tots economic activity can be: Less developed countries, Pre-industrial countries, Developing countries, i ndustrialized countries, advanced countries. the study of population helps in making market segments and accordingly the company can cater to the demands of both high and low price versions of the same product in the same country. Market structure: To evaluate the economic condition of a country, we must know the structure of the market. The main classifications are: 1.Perfect competition The main characteristics of this market are: Lots of producers and consumers. Identical products. Price is set by the market forces (demand and supply). Willingness to pay. Monopolistic competition Monopolistic competition is more realistic condition than perfect competition. Main characteristics of this market are: Large number of firms producing slightly differentiated products. Sole producer of a particular product so is a monopolist of that product/brand. The differentiation is only from the point of view of buyers. Each firm has some degree of control over prices. Buyers become loyal to the product/brand. New firms are free to enter the market. Oligopoly Main characteristics of this market are: Few firms having similar or different products. Each firm has some degree of control over price. Reaction of rivals is very important. Interdependence of behavior in case of oligopoly. New entry is difficult. Stages of business cycle Prosperity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" boom à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" decline à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" depression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" recovery Consumption pattern: Consumption means final purchase of the goods and services by the individuals Inflation Inflation is defined as a general increase in the level of prices. When the level of prices are high in a country companies might not find it beneficial to sell its products as the purchasing power of individuals reduces as the real income reduces. Accessibility to human resources: The abundance of human resource makes the manufacturing process easy and lowers the cost of production. To understand the nuances of the business in the host country, the company prefers to recruit the local skilled or semi-skilled labor. That is why the company looks at this factor while analyzing the economic environment of the host country. Infrastructure: The importance of infrastructure needs no emphasis. For the functioning of the company, road and rail connection, telecommunication facilities, power supply and so on is required. A support infrastructure is a precondition for the development of any industry. The companies must assess the availability of infrastructure of the host country. Q: 2 Write short notes on: Arbitration b) FDI Arbitration Arbitration is a technique of dispute resolution in international commercial transactions, or outside the court .it is that techniquie in which the third party reviews the evidences and impose decision. It is most commonly used in matters such as consumers and empolyments.it is faster and cost effective process. Some of the benefits of arbitration may be as follow: It limits the dispute and associated libilities because most legal systems there are very limited avenues for for appeal of an arbitral award. In judicial proceedings the official language of the country is automatically applied where as in arbitral priceedings any language may be used. Arbitration awards are generallu easier than judicial awards. Arbitration is often faster than litigation in court It is more flexible and cheaper for businesses. Arbitral awards and proceedings are generally made confidential and non-public. Arbitrators with appropriate degrees are appointed when the subject ,atter of the dispute is highly technical. Exclusionary rules of evidence donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t apply; everything can come into evidence so long as relevant and non-cumulative. There is less exposure to punitive damages and run away juries from defense point of view The fact of finality of arbitration awards that normally there is no right of appeal to the courts to change the award. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) foreign direct investment, a company directly invests in another country to make or market an entity in a foreign country. The investing company may make investment in a number of ways in overseas by setting up associated or subsidiary company in foreign country by joint venture, mergers or shares of a foreign company. Foreign direct investment is passive investment such as stock and bonds in contrast to portfolio investment. Brown field strategy is one form in which the company aspiring to go international decides to invest in an existing company in a suitable location/country. That existing company has most of the infrastructure, but the technology involved may be obsolete, present operating capacity may far less than the installed capacity and also may be in need of funds for modernization and increase production. The second form of market entry strategy is through green field investment, where a new unit is established after creating all th e required infrastructure and permission from the local government. Q:3 What are the issues related channel decisions in international marketing? Most producers rarely sell their goods directly to the final consumers. Most often producers rely on a marketing channel which comprise of a host of marketing intermediaries performing a variety of functions and bearing a variety of names. One of the most crucial decisions facing management is marketing-channel decisions. All the other marketing decisions are very closely affected by the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s selected channels. 1-Relatively long-term commitments to other businesses are involved in a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s channel decisions. 2-There is also a powerful inertial tendency in channel arrangements 3-The scope of distribution channels extends beyond simple convenience to include impacting the productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s meaning. Effectiveness of international distribution channels: The Five Cà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Framework can be used by international marketers to determine the effectiveness of their international distribution channels: Coverage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ability of channel to connect with targeted customers to accomplish market share and growth objectives. Character à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Congruence of channel with the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sought after product positioning. Continuity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The channel loyalty to the company. Control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The ability of the company to control the whole marketing program for the product or service. Cost à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The investment needed to set up and maintain the channel- variable associated with sales level. Fixed costs needed to manage the channel: training of sales force, facilities and inventories. Control over distribution: 1-There is a global trend toward shorter distribution channels and closer links, if not direct relationships, with those active participants in the channe l. 2-It is the view of some that the sole way to internationalise is to navigate closer and closer to complete control by means of totally owned subsidiary. This however is a fairly incorrect one. 3-First, we have to consider Industry characteristics, the value-addition of the business and what the consumers really desire are to be first considered. Secondly, close control through a commission agent or joint venture is often possible. Control and ownership should not be directly equated. Q:4 What are the different strategies adopted by the marketer while fixing the price for the product? Different strategies are adopted by the marketers while fixing the price for the product and these strategies need to be monitored and reviewed at regular intervals. Cost based pricing or Cost plus pricing: This is the most common method of pricing followed by the marketers. Price = [Fixed costs + Variable costs + Overheads + Marketing costs] + specified percentage of the total cos ts (representing the profit portion) Market Oriented Pricing method is highly flexible and provides for prices to be changed in tune with changes in the market conditions. This method is also referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"what the traffic will bear methodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Following competitors Following the leaders is a common trend seen in every field of activity in our daily lives. Similarly, even in the case of fixing prices, many firms simply follow the dominant competitors. These dominant competitors are also called as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"price leadersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Three alternative ways of following the competitor: Fixing the price at the same level as that of the competitor Fixing a lower price than the one fixed by the competitor Fixing a price which is higher than that of the competitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Negotiated prices This method is commonly adopted when dealing with powerful buyers who buy in large quantity, for example, Governments and institutions. Customer determined price In case of international marketing, often, the foreign buyer indicates the price at which he is prepared to buy the product. By virtue of this, the seller is pre-empted from quoting his price. Break-even pricing For any marketer, there is a particular point in his business game where he is able to cover all the expenses incurred by him but he is not able to earn any profit from the activity he is pursuing. Break-even price à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the price for a given level of output at which there is neither any loss nor profit. Break-even point à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" popularly called BEP, this is the point or the level of sales at which the total revenue will exactly equal the total cost. Margin of safety à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the difference between the BEP and the expected capacity utilization is known as the margin of safety. Margin of safety = expected capacity utilization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" break-even point From the above we can interpret: a) Lower the BEP, higher the chance of the project making profit b) Lower the BEP, higher the margin of safety c) If the BEP is very high, the risk will also be very high. Marginal Cost Pricing This approach is more suitable in evaluating and analyzing the profitability of the new orders in case of firms with idle capacity i.e., the firm is not utilizing its installed optimally. Creative Pricing Creative pricing is a concept derived from the marginal costing approach. Creative pricing approach advocates tapping the advantage of the flexibility between the lower limit of break-even price and the upper limit of the competitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s price for a similar product. If the marginal cost is very less when compared to the price of the competitor, there is leverage to the exporter to adopt aggressive pricing policies in case of export order. Q: 5 what is personal selling? Explain with reasons why local nationals are preferred as sales per sonnel in international marketing? Delivery of a specially designed message to a prospect by a seller, usually in the form of face-to-face communication, personal correspondence, or a personal telephone conversation. According to Stanton, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“personal selling is the personal communication of information to persuade prospective customer to buy something à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a product, service, idea or something else. This is in contrast to the mass, impersonal communication of advertising, sales promotion and or other promotional toolsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Advantages Personal selling is one of the most effective way of marketing communication. It also helps to overcome the marketing barriers in few cases. 1) A side benefit for your business is the opportunity to gain market research from this personal contact. You can gain knowledge about what your potential clients really think, what your competitors are up to and what is currently missing from the marketplace off erings 2) On account of the personal touch, the marketer is in a position to get meaningful feedback, suggestions for improvement and redress the complaints and grievances promptly. 3) Personal selling is highly flexible as the marketer can develop specific plans to handle every customer. 4) It is highly cost-effective especially for the small marketers with limited resources at their disposal. 5) Personal selling is an effective and fast track approach to convert inquiry into sales. 6) Opportunity to build a stronger long-term relationship. Personal contact will encourage loyalty 7) Try before you buy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" depending on your product/service, potential clients may be able to trial the product/services before actually purchasing. Advantages of using local nationals International business firms need to engage the services of expert sales force as a first step in managing personal selling. While recruiting marketing and sales personnel going to hand le a particular foreign market, Local market need to be appointed. However, if in a foreign market, third country nationals are likely to succeed in personal selling, third country personnel can also be engaged. With the growth in international marketing, it is anyway ideal to use local nationals for the purpose of personal selling. English being the internationally accepted language, sales person so selected need to have good spoken English to enable them to translate the objectives of the business firm into a profitable venture. For example the sale of certain consumer goods like vacuum cleaner (Eureka Forbes) and water purifiers (Aqua guard) through personal selling is very effective. The sales personnel are reaching the ultimate users and persuading them to purchase the goods explaining the technology and long- term advantages to the households. They also convey the disadvantages to the households if the particular consumer goods are not used in terms of inability to provi de pure drinking water and maintaining the houses clean. Q: 6 discuss the advantages of direct and indirect exporting. Advantages of direct exporting In direct export eliminating intermediaries increases the potential profit In direct marketing you have greater flexibility to improve or redirect your marketing efforts as your business develops in foreign ,market Marketplace is better understood You can present yourself fully committed and engaged in t he export process Fast and direct feedback by customers are provided to you for your product and performance You know whom to contact if something isnt working Better protection for trademarks, patents and copyrights are provided. Better communication with the customers is available for more effective and efficient performance and product. Awareness of customers is increased. Transactions take place over greater control. Advantages if indirect exporting It does not require any market expertise Concentration of resources towards production It provides a path to enter foreign markets without the complexities Little or no financial commitment as the clients exports usually covers most expenses associated with international sales. Low risk exists for companies who consider their domestic market to be more important and for companies that are still developing their RD, marketing, and sales strategies. Export management is outsourced, alleviating pressure from management team In indirect exporting company can start exporting with no incremental investment in fixed capital, low start-up costs and few market risks but with prospects for incremental sales.

Teen Behavior in Romeo and Juliet - 1736 Words

Phu Nguyen Ms. Leang English 1, Period 5 19 March 2015 Teen Behaviors in Romeo and Juliet Many teenagers make bad decisions, and act in a way most adult would say is unintelligent. Romeo and Juliet was a story about two feuding families with the same wealth living in Verona. After a big fight Prince Escalus tells them that if there is another fight they will be killed. Later that night Romeo meets Juliet at her father’s party and they both fall in love, after the party Romeo talks with Juliet about getting married and she agrees to have the wedding the very next day. After the wedding the two families get into another fight. Due to the fight Mercutio and Tybalt gets killed. Romeo who was also fighting was sentenced to banishment even†¦show more content†¦57). This shows that teens are rebellious because they will want to try to make the parent stop bothering them by doing the opposite. Teens don’t only rebel against parents the may disobey older relatives too. An example of this is when Tybalt argues with Lord Capulet: â€Å"TYB: It fits, when suc h a villain is a guest: / I’ll not endure him. / CAP: He shall be endured: / What goodman, boy! I say, he shall: go to; / Am I the master here, or you? go to. / You’ll not endure him! God shall mend my soul, / You’ll make a mutiny among my guest! / You will set cock-a-hoop! you’ll be the man! / TYB: Why, uncle, ‘tis a shame.†(1.5.76-84). This shows how Tybalt was being rebellious because he was trying to fight with Romeo but, when he gets told no by Lord Capulet he still argues with his uncle. A number of teens may argue with their parents when they are told to not do something in hope of changing the parent’s mind. Another example of this is showed when Juliet argues with her parents: â€Å"CAP: †¦But fettle your fine joints ‘gainst Thursday next, / To go with Paris to Saint Peter’s Church, / Or I will drag thee on a hurdle thither, / †¦. / JUL: Good father, I beseech you on my knees, / Hear me with patience bu t to speak a word.† (3.5.157-163). This shows that Juliet is defying her parent’s wishes because she is arguing against her dad when he told her that she has to marry Paris. AdolescentsShow MoreRelatedRomeo And Juliet 9th Grade Analysis749 Words   |  3 PagesThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet in Ninth Grade Everyone knows the story: amidst the fighting of two families, a girl meets the guy of her dreams, within a day they are married and, later, they kill themselves. Some people believe that Romeo and Juliet promotes unacceptable behavior in teens; however, it is a very important part of the ninth grade language arts education because it has global influence and teaches lessons to people. Shakespeare has a significant influence that has spread around theRead MoreGood Parenting Equals Good Karma879 Words   |  3 Pages peer pressure, and the environment they live in. Having a busy lifestyle and mixed emotions can lead to teenagers making rushed decisions without reflecting upon them. For example, teenagers develop fast and that can have a negative effect: â€Å"The teen years are a time of rapid growth, exploration, and risk taking. Taking risks provides young people the opportunity to test their skills and abilities and discover who they are. But, some risks—such as smoking, using drugs, drinking and driving, andRead MoreImpulsive Decisions In Romeo And Juliet972 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore they make a risky or impulsive decision. In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, he illustrates that adolescents show impulsivity, decision making, and risk taking. Firstly, in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, he illustrates that adolescents show impulsivity. In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet , Juliet cries â€Å" Give me, give me ! O, tell me not of fear†(4.1.124). This illustrates that Juliet isn’t taking into consideration the risks of her taking theRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Critical Analysis943 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Violent Delights Have Violent Ends† Romeo and Juliet is known as the greatest love story of all time. It is still the most popularly taught book in high school even though it is now 420 years old. Why is that? Authors have been writing and composing marvelous stories for generations. Why is it that Romeo and Juliet is one of the select few that have withstood the test of time? It has survived the ages, not because it is â€Å"timeless†, but because it is relatable on almost every level possible. Read MoreRomeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay566 Words   |  3 Pagesyesterday? Most likely no, people change all the time they grow up and mature. If you have ever heard of the story of Romeo and Juliet you know it’s not the happiest of stories. As soon as Romeo and Juliet meet you can see that Juliet’s character shapes and develops more when she is around Romeo, but is this for the better, Did Juliet falling in love cause her to draw away from her family? Juliet is a sweet obedient young girl who has been taken care of by her nurse all her life. In the beginning of theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1478 Words   |  6 Pagesviolent commotion between the two lovers, Romeo and Juliet, finally bring peace to their feuding families, with their own death. Like with many suicide cases, there are challenges and decisions being made that lead up to this decision. Often times, we question who contributed to the suicide. Regardless, others argue that Romeo and Juliet should be held accountable for their ultimate decision. Then again, there is no definite reason to assign fault to Romeo and Juliet. Not only are their brains not fullyRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Parental Control Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesWhat would the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet be if Romeo and Juliet were only a few ages older and not teens? Well, there are a conglomerate of possibilities starting with their impulse control, if Romeo and Juliet met when th ey were, at the very least, twenty-five they may have not acted as impulsive as they did. Maybe Romeo wouldn’t have kissed Juliet during their first meeting and instead would have courted her. Or maybe if Romeo didn’t propose on their second meeting they could have had a longRead MoreA Real Love Story In Shakespeares Romeo And Juliet1257 Words   |  6 Pageshave to date but ideally not at a young age. By developing relationships in one’s adolescent years it can be taxing on a teen instead of lighthearted. As shown in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet teenagers can have their impulses that naturally occur push them to make rash and illogical decisions, such as committing suicide. In the play Juliet who is a mere thirteen years old, and Romeo, who appears to be around seventeen years of age, fall in love. Their love is shown to be one of the most romantic loveRead MoreUnconditional Love In Romeo And Juliet938 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare’s traged y, Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare creates a story based on a pair of star-crossed lovers and how their irrational thinking and their unconditional love for one another results in their marriage after only one day of knowing each other, as well as a devastating tragedy at the end. Set in Verona, Italy, the rivalry of two families, the Capulets and the Montagues, causes tension between the families and the love between Romeo, who is a Montague, and his lover Juliet, who is a Capulet.Read MoreRomeo and Juliet Business Letter716 Words   |  3 PagesAria Court Verona, Italy 54784 Dear Lord Capulet: My name is ______ and the reason I am writing to you today is to inform you of the various possibilities to why perhaps Romeo and Juliet were rebellious and made unwise decisions while in love. Throughout the past decade, money has been put into research on the teen brain, and the way it performs its functions during the teenage years of growth. Fortunately to our luck, the world has made many advances in science and technology that we are

Which Is More Important Education or Money free essay sample

Money in today’s world is that gem which can get one to their salvation but the greed that it brings upon one is vary dangerous. To use money in the wisest way would be the greatest deed. Education on the other hand, provides moral knowledge to people, which help them to learn from their past and act well in the present and future. It helps them control the greed and abstains them from trampling. But nothing in this immoral world is free, like wise even education always come at a cost. The better education one wants to receive the costlier it gets. Money is much more important than education in today’s world because education itself requires a lot of money and without money receiving education would be impossible. One can be educated but without proper jobs and earnings, she can still starve to death; but if she has money then she always has a place on this earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Which Is More Important Education or Money? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The basic need of life, i. e. food, is as close as impossible to obtain without money. Famine through poverty is likely to be face without money. The other basic needs, shelter and clothing is more impossible to have without money. Much money is spent on research and other scientific programs where money plays the key role. Only those rich countries, which can afford these facilities, get the best research centers where as the third world countries, no matter how intelligent people it has, it still thrives to provide basic education to its people. Who said money cannot buy happiness? In this generation a person with a master’s degree can be riding rickshaw for their livelihood where as a person without good education is a billionaire. To compare them it is obvious to be noticed that the billionaire is having much more happier luxurious life where as the rickshaw person sweating all day just to provide enough food for himself and his family. Rich people always get the best of everything, not the most educated. For example if a well-educated doctor is suffering through piles, he has the potential of being completely cured, but due to lack of money his treatment will be unfeasible and this may even lead to his death. If the same person was rich he could hire best of the best doctors for his treatment and could be completely cured. Education is one of the important factors of life too. It enhances our daily lifestyle and makes our living easier. The advancement in the technology and the invention of new gadgets are all-possible through good knowledge, i. e. education. Good knowledge will always help one find the better path in life. It will help differentiate between the virtues and deprave. But no matter how much the thrust of education is upon one, if they are given a poor financial condition, they can never receive good education. Today’s world revolves around money. Money can get you the best education, the best health care and the best mansion one ever longed for. If there is money they can fly to every country they want, they can do what ever they want. The richest always get the first priority in the world. Money provides the independence in an individual, which no other source can. Being free of financial depts. will lead to the individuality. Money is that quintessential thing without which living is left incomplete and ruthless.

Management Leadership For Administrators -Myassignmenthelp.COm

Question: Discuss About The Management Leadership For Administrators? Answer: Introduction Patient engagement in their care and healthcare decision-making is one of the most important ways by which they can be empowered and their satisfaction can be increased. This would include maintaining a culture in the healthcare organization that will prioritize and support patients engagement. This can be ensured by establishing an active collaboration between patients and healthcare providers through designing, managing and achieving positive health outcomes (Graffigna Barello, 2015). This would involve maintaining their autonomy and dignity of the patients and including their wishes, cultural inhibitions, preferences while making care plans. This would also involve the patients skills, knowledge, capability and willingness to effectively incorporate their ideas and make themselves an active member in their healthcare decision making and also while designing their care. Patients meaningful participation and involvement in decision-making will make them highly pleased and satisfied helping in establishing trust and credibility and reducing anxiety and stress (Cene et al., 2016). Patient education: Patient education comprises of two important parts. The first part is the planned, logical as well as systematic procedure of teaching and learning which helps to make the patients learn about the their treatment procedures and providing them with information about what the treatment involves before and after. The second component mainly involves focusing on the wellness, prevention as well as health promotion that will prevent the patients and their families from getting affected again by the disorders (Coppola et al., 2016). This procedure ensures better health outcomes as the patients become fully aware of their condition. They learn to identify the risks and understand ways how to avoid any unhealthy behaviors. They also get to know the different habits that they should adapt to have healthy living. They become more responsible as they learn the procedures of improving their health conditions. This reduces chances of patient readmissions or poor quality lives. Reflection: The first step that I can take in order to ensure the above mentioned procedures of patient engagement in my practice is developing effective partnership. As a nurse, I would be stressing on developing trust among the patients and try to create relationships where both the parties are working together towards a common objective. I should effectively engage with them by using proper communication skills and solve their questions and concerns making them participate in decision-making. I would try to establish the partnership based on respecting patients dignity and autonomy emphasizing on ethics, confidentiality, trust and privacy. I should properly educate patients in simple language without using any jargons so that they can easily understand the different initiatives that they should take to be healthy. I would try to take effective feedback from the patients in order to understand that whether they are able to understand the different instructions and guidelines they had to follow . The answers of the patients will help me to know whether I have successfully been able to engage them and educate them about their care. Quality and Safety standards: One of the ten important standard of the National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards (2012) is the standard 10. It is called the preventing falls and Harm from fall Standards. With the growing population of the aged individuals in the nation due to improved medical science. However, the incidence of fall is seen to increase as population gradually ages towards 70 and above. More than 50% of the patients admitted to nursing homes, community care centers or in residential areas are seen to have suffered a fall at latest once during their course of stays in the healthcare centers (Lopez et al., 2015). Often inappropriate assessments of the risks of falls for the vulnerable patients, improper handling of the patients while assisting them in the daily activities, transferring them from beds and many others exposes the patients to falls. Therefore, healthcare professionals should be careful while caring for such vulnerable patients so that accidents do not take place. Effects if nurses do not take proper interventions: Falls not only threatens the independence of elderly individuals but also initiates a cascade of both socio-economic and individual consequences. Falls result in injury as well as readmissions or longer stays at hospitals (Soto-Varella et al., 2015). It also results in institutionalization as well as decrease in the physical functions. Loss of independence makes them suffer form anxiety, depression and similar other mental instabilities. Moreover, physical injuries that associate falls are fractures, intracranial bleeding, lacerations and hematomas. It includes pain, bruising, scratches and many other superficial wounds. Falls can result in development of fear of falling in the patients those results in self-imposed limitation of activities that in turn result in a cycle of decreasing functional ability. Ways by which falls can be prevented: Clinical evaluation and performance testing are very important to be done so that the risks of the patients of facing accidents due to fall in the future can be assessed. Therefore, those individuals who have been admitted in the hospitals due to falls or those who are vulnerable towards a fall in the healthcare centers should be tested with different fall assessment tools (Scniepp et al., 2014). For examples, if I get a patient who had already experienced a fall earlier can be evaluated to test his balance or gait issues with the basic assessment of Get-Up-and-Go Test. Here I would be testing the patient as he rises up from a standard armchair, walk 3meters in a straight line. He should be then instructed to turn, walk back to the chair and sitting back down. This would help me in detecting weakness in his lower extremity, his issues of imbalance while sitting or standing, and even unsteady gait. Similarly, other falls assessment tools would also help me identify the risks associate d with the patients. I will develop my intervention according to that only. Environmental alterations: Another strategy that I should implement in my nursing practice is the alterations of the environmental surrounding in ways that will reduce the risks of falls largely. Removing clutters on the way of walking, making the room bright, providing hand rails, bed rails and rails in the bathrooms, providing the patient with switches for alarm calls, arranging the patient bed in ways making it near to urinal, telephones and others would be helpful. Moreover, using shoes and slippers with non-skid soles would be also helpful. All these will reduce chances of falls in the patients (Aizenberg et al., 2015). Leadership and management: Effective communication skills is one of the most important leadership trait that every nurses need to follow for effective patience care and safety of patients. Proper communication skills help the nurses to communicate effectively with nurses, patients, family members and other healthcare professionals. This helps in building rapport, developing trust and building healthy relationships. Nurses with proper communication skills can engage in providing and receiving constructive feedback with their colleagues (Derzipp et al., 2016). This helps in solving different issues of the fellow workers and helps in achieving the organizational goals successfully. This also helps in assuring that the multidisciplinary teams will carry out collaborative work where proper coordination will help in ensuring safety and protection of the patients. Technical skills: Another important leadership skill that nurse leaders should be comfortable with is the technological knowledge that is very important in ensuring safe practice by the nursing subordinates, proper evaluation of their efforts, and assuring higher patient satisfaction. Every nurse should ensure that she or he could successfully provide efficient healthcare service with right technology utilization (Thomas, 2015). Some of the technologies that every nurse should be accustomed are the electronic health records, biometrics as well as clinical decision support also called CDS. By the year 2020, technologies will take up a large amount of the commonplace and therefore, the nurses should prepare and arm themselves with the right technical knowledge so that they can prepare the future nurses and train them to develop a technologically developed healthcare system. Reflection: I have noticed that I am introvert and do not have proper verbal communication skills. Therefore, my colleagues take me negatively as they believe me to be suffering from superiority complex. I have not been able to develop relationship with them that might affect patient safety in future. Effective communication skills help in developing rapport with colleagues where all healthcare members will be able to share effective feedback. Feedback sharing would help to develop nursing practice that has positive outcomes on patients health (Riley, 2015). It will help in developing a collaborative environment at work where effective organization, supervision, direction, delegation and effective coordination can be assured while treating patients among all the members. With effective communication skills, I would be able to help other members to be motivated and overcome burning out situations. Therefore, I will take up workshops in the community, admit to training sessions, or take up continu ous professional development courses. I will also read evidence based papers to overcome communication issues. Learning culture within the organization: An optimal workplace culture is considered by researchers to be central for nursing professionals as it helps them to experience valuable as well as relevant learning in the workplace. Working and learning is taken to be an integrated experience in the profession of nursing in healthcare. Learning in the workplace is valuable as it helps in supporting professionals in three aspects- development, scope as well as progression of nursing practice. Learning is also related with the regulatory requirements that are related to the nurses as the professional. Moreover, proper learning culture within the workplace also helps in supporting the implementation of evidence-based practices properly which in turn helps in developing patient outcomes (Newton et al., 2015). Two important outcomes can be noted which will ensure patient safety and satisfaction. A proper learning culture within the organization helps in demonstrating the accountability of the nurses own learning and helps them to under stand the organizational systems in proper ways that provide them with resources, adequate staffing and support. This also ensures encouragement and value of the nurses learning and educations. The second domain is relational dynamics. Proper learning culture ensures that nurses value their senior nurses, peers, mentors, educators, preceptors who facilitate and encourage their professional development. Proper learning also helps the nurses to engage not only with patients but also with members of the healthcare teams ensuring collaborative and coordinated practice (Billet, 2016). Strategies to ensure contributing to a learning culture within organization: I will take part in continuous professional developments at regular intervals. I will be able to develop my knowledge in handling the recent technologies that had been introduced in healthcare services. Using of such technologies will not only reduce stress of handling many activities manually but will also ensure safe practices for the patients resulting in positive outcomes. I will be able to identify my limitations and deficits. This would help me to improve my practices so that I can meet different current standards with the help of different evidence based practices. Training sessions with mentor: The next activity that I will take up is to participate in training sessions where I will work on my communication skills. I will discuss my communication issues with my mentor and follow his guidelines. I will be giving several tests at my training sessions under senior nurse who is the mentor so that my mentor can evaluate my performance. The better I develop my communication skills; I will be able to communicate effectively with peers and patients. This would ensure patient safety and will reduce the chances of miscommunication among healthcare members (Provost et al., 2015). As a result, patient satisfaction would be ensured. Professional practice: Role ambiguity can be defined as the lack of understanding of a nursing professional about his job responsibilities. Here, the individuals cannot understand what factors are expected from the individuals in terms of their job performance. In simple words, nurses remain unsure about what duties they are expected to do by their senior authorities (Provost et al., 2015). Effect on nurses: Nursing professionals who experience role ambiguity are seen to perform at lower levels in comparison to employees who have clear understandings of the requirements. Moreover job stress and jobs dissatisfaction are seen to have positive relationship with role ambiguity. The more the role ambiguity faced by nursing professionals; the more is the job dissatisfaction and job stress. They tend to be burned down often, which have negative impact on patient safety. Researchers are also of the opinion that team effectiveness decreases with the increase of role ambiguity among the professionals (Zhou et al., 2016). Admiring greenery, jogging: One of my favorite hobbies is admiring the greenery of parks, fields and lakes. Therefore, I will try to undertake extensive jogging sessions in the lush green parks that will not only help me to keep myself fit but will also release stress. Ongoing studies show that admiring greenery helps in overcoming stress and feeling happier (Yun-chen Shin-Che, 2018). Therefore, when I will be having morning shift, I will take strolls in the evening. Whenever I will be having evening shifts, I will be taking jogging session in the morning. Therefore, I will be physically fit and mentally happier and fresh (Choi et al., 2016). Spending time with children: Another initiative that I will be undertaking is spending time with the children in my community orphanage. Whenever, I will be getting off from my profession, I will visit the children and spend time with them. I like spending time with them as it releases stress and anxiety form my daily work pressures. Their innocence and mischief at the same time makes me happier and spending time with them acts as stress buster. This will help me to be emotionally well (Lewis Bonner, 2016). References: Aizenberg, D., Weizman, A., Weiss, A., Akopian, M., Amitai, M., Beloosesky, Y. (2015). The association in elderly hospitalized patients, between psychotropic drugs and hip fractures resulting from falls.Experimental aging research,41(5), 546-555. Billett, S. (2016). Learning through health care work: premises, contributions and practices.Medical education,50(1), 124-131. Cen, C. W., Johnson, B. H., Wells, N., Baker, B., Davis, R., Turchi, R. (2016). A Narrative Review of Patient and Family management: The Foundation of the Medical Home.Medical care,54(7), 697. Coppola, A., Sasso, L., Bagnasco, A., Giustina, A., Gazzaruso, C. (2016). The role of patient education in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: an overview.Endocrine,53(1), 18-27. der Zijpp, T. J., Niessen, T., Eldh, A. C., Hawkes, C., McMullan, C., Mockford, C., ... Seers, K. (2016). A bridge over turbulent waters: illustrating the interaction between managerial leaders and facilitators when implementing research evidence.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,13(1), 25-31. Graffigna, G., Barello, S. (2015). Patient engagement in healthcare: pathways for effective medical decision making.Neuropsychol. Trends,17, 53-65. Lpez-Soto, P. J., Manfredini, R., Smolensky, M. H., Rodrguez-Borrego, M. A. (2015). 24-hour pattern of falls in hospitalized and long-term care institutionalized elderly persons: a systematic review of the published literature.Chronobiology international,32(4), 548-556. Newton, J. M., Henderson, A., Jolly, B., Greaves, J. (2015). A contemporary examination of workplace learning culture: an ethnomethodology study.Nurse education today,35(1), 91-96. Provost, S. M., Lanham, H. J., Leykum, L. K., McDaniel Jr, R. R., Pugh, J. (2015). Health care huddles: Managing complexity to achieve high reliability.Health care management review,40(1), 2-12. Riley, J. B. (2015).Communication in nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Schniepp, R., Wuehr, M., Schlick, C., Huth, S., Pradhan, C., Dieterich, M., ... Jahn, K. (2014). Increased gait variability is associated with the history of falls in patients with cerebellar ataxia.Journal of neurology,261(1), 213-223. Sims, S., Hewitt, G., Harris, R. (2015). Evidence of collaboration, pooling of resources, learning and role blurring in interprofessional healthcare teams: a realist synthesis.Journal of Interprofessional care,29(1), 20-25. Soto-Varela, A., Faraldo-Garca, A., Rossi-Izquierdo, M., Lirola-Delgado, A., Vaamonde-Snchez-Andrade, I., del-Ro-Valeiras, M., ... Santos-Prez, S. (2015). Can we predict the risk of falls in elderly patients with instability?.Auris Nasus Larynx,42(1), 8-14. Thomas, T. (2015).Management and leadership for nurse administrators. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Zhou, Q., Martinez, L. F., Ferreira, A. I., Rodrigues, P. (2016). Supervisor support, role ambiguity and productivity associated with presenteeism: a longitudinal study.Journal of Business Research,69(9), 3380-3387.

Iliad Essays (1365 words) - Trojans, Achilles, Epic Cycle, Iliad

Iliad Achilles Anger and Unreconciliation: Reassessing the Concepts of Mortality and Honor The subject of Homers epic poem, the Iliad, is very clearly stated--it is the rage of Peleus son Achilles. The reader remains continually aware of the extent of Achilles rage, yet is never told the reason why Achilles remains angry and unreconciled. There is no definitive answer to this question. Achilles is not a static character. He is constantly changing; thus the question of why he remains angry solicits different answers at various stages throughout the poem. To find an answer, the reader must carefully examine Achilles ever-changing dilemma involving the concepts of mortality and honor. At its simplest, Achilles dilemma is that if he goes to war, he will die. But he will die with glory. Achilles true nature is that of a warrior. The son of Peleus must fight. When he denounces Agamemnon and the Achaeans, he does not go home. His ship is last in line, near Troy. Subconsciously, he has already made the choice of accepting a short life filled with glory. Subconsciously, he wants to go back to war. He needs to. However, he also needs to insure his possession of glory and honor. But what kind of glory, what kind of honor? He already possesses the honor of the gods. He says, my honor lies in the great decree of Zeus (IX.741.p.272). By book IX, material wealth is no longer what Achilles wants. He spurns Agamemnons offers. The typical mortal concepts of heroism no longer concern him; his ideals differ from those of his peers. Phoenixs Meleager is no example to him. However, at this point Achilles still does not know what he wants. Pride and stubbornness still supplement his rage, but now his anger appears to be a manifestation of his fear and confusionStop confusing my fixed resolve with this (IX.745-746.p.272). Achilles knows that he wants honor and glory, but in what form? What Achilles does know, and what he must deal with, is the fact that his life will be short if he chooses to have honor and glory. Thus, the choices he makes concerning his honor are crucial. At this point his life is riding on the decision he makes. It is inevitable that Achilles will choose door #2--to go to war, live a short life, and have much glory. For it would go against every fiber of his being, his true nature, were he to choose to live a long life devoid of glory and honor. Achilles is waiting to go to war, but he must have the right reasons and inspiration. At the end of book IX, after the embassy has conveyed Agamemnons offers, Achilles still remains angry and unreconciled. Agamemnons offers of wealth and material possessions are not the incentives to inspire Achilles to fight. First of all, these prizes offered are already rightfully his; secondly, taking these gifts would be accepting that Agamemnon is greater than he; and finally, Achilles is struggling over his mortality--material gifts, although honorable and highly glorifying in the Homeric world, are not important to Achilles anymore, for he is attempting to determine whether to live or die. The spoils of war offered to Achilles by Agamemnon rightfully belong to him. They have always belonged to him. It is Achilles toil and exhaustion, his relentless dedication as a warrior, that has gone into fighting for this cause, not his own, to earn these prizes that are now offered to him, these prizes that he never before was allowed to keep, Twelve cities of men Ive stormed and sacked form shipboard, eleven I claim by land, on the fertile earth of troy. And from all I dragged off piles of splendid plunder, hauled it away and always gave the lot to Agamemnon (IX.398-401.p.262). These spoils of war serve to rekindle the fire of Achilles rage, for they are a reminder of his humiliation, of the honor Agamemnon so publicly stripped from him, when he took away Briseis. These offerings constitute such a blatant insult, that they can solicit only one possible reaction from Achilles, that of anger. These reminders of a fight for a cause not his own cannot possibly inspire Achilles to rejoin the war. Furthermore, what

buy custom Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder essay

buy custom Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder essay Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a nervousness-associated disorder that is characterized by repeated compulsions and/ or obsessions that obstruct the victims ability to effectively function at work, school or socially (Lowe, 2007, p. 1). An obsession can be defined as an impulse, a thought or an image that keeps repeating and as a result causes anxiety while a compulsion is a behavior that a person suffering from OCD frequently engages him/ herself in because of the obsessions (Foa Kozak, 2005, p. 15). OCD victims usually take long before they are diagnosed. This is due to the fact that most of them do not understand the symptoms of the condition while others feel embarrassed and guilty. In one way or the other, OCD related symptoms are experienced by most individuals particularly when stressed. Nonetheless, this disorder can have severe effects on social life, work and personal relationships among others. OCD is rated the tenth most immobilizing illness in terms of retreating life quality and loss of property. OCD can be experienced in many ways but the most common ones include disturbing, unfriendly and recurring feelings, impulses, misgivings, and images which in most cases are impossible to ignore (Abramowitz, 2009). It is these thoughts that cause the individual to experience the obsessive-part of the illness and cause the individual to have recurring coercions in an unsuccessful effort to alleviate the obsession and counteract the fear. Some victims may experience obsession but do not show physical compulsion a type of OCD commonly referred to as Pure O. Commonly experienced obsessions include; causing mischief to other people or to oneself, germs and contagion, aggressive or offensive sexual thoughts, ordering objects or throwing them away. Several researches and studies have been carried out in the past few years concerning the causes of ODC. Following this, several causes of OCD have been suggested and some of these include; brain and chemical dysfunction, infection, genetics, psychodynamics, depression and life. It has also been hypothesized that there might be numerous types of OCD and that which develops in childhood is different of the one that develops in adulthood. Brain and chemical dysfunction is one of the causes of OCD that is gaining popularity. The probability is that the level of brain dysfunction in OCD victims is higher than in people who do not have it. This involves the Seretonin, which is a chemical courier or neurotransmitter that facilitates communication between nerve cells as well as connecting these cells to the brain (Penzel, 2000, p. 318). Research has revealed that this neurotransmitter is involved with most of the biological processes taking place in the body such as sleep, antagonism, mood, pain and appetite. Since the different parts of the brain have unlike levels of urgency and priority, it is their coordination with the nerves that may cause severe perplexity to the reasoning part of the brain, commonly referred to as Cortex. For instance, as the Thalamus processes all the images coming from the other parts of the body to the brain, the Caudate Nucleus controls and filters all the thoughts and information. Now when these thoughts are misinterpreted, the reasoning part of the brain, Cortex, becomes confused and responds chemically to a danger perceived by the non-reasoning part of the brain and the urgent need to respond as if this danger is a reality. Actually, the Caudate Nucleus is sending unnecessary impulses and thoughts to the Cortex where emotions and thoughts combine; the over active Cingulate Nucleus at the center of the brain shifts attention from one behavior and/ or thought to another. With time, it becomes over active and seizes up on certain thoughts, behaviors or ideas (Penzel, 2000). It is therefoe this Cingulate that alerts the OCD victim that something horrible will take place if the impulses are not accomplished. Thus when the Thalamus is sending information that makes the individual aware of everything happening around them, the Caudate Nucleus causes invasive thoughts while the Cortex perceives major danger that needs immediate response and finally the Cingulate Gyr us requires that compulsions be carried out so as to alleviate the terrible unease feelings. A streptococcal illness of the throat has been believed to result in the body mistaking healthy cells for the infection thus resulting to cellular damage. Once this happens with the brain, the disease fighting system of the body attacks the exterior of the nerve cells in the Basal Ganglia of the brain consequently resulting to symptoms of OCD (Lowe, 2007). However, these symptoms may just take a short time and the occurrence of OCD caused by such an infection is still very rare. Several researches and studies have shown the likelihood that victims of OCD are likely to have one or more of their family members having OCD (Meng, 2001, p. 14). However, the chances that it is genetically inherited are questionable. For instance, it does not automatic follow that both identical twins will have OCD even if there is a member of the family suffering from it. This theory states that disruptions in development or early sexual and unconscious desires are likely to result into OCD. Concerning development, the theory suggests that the child deals with the conflicts between the reasoning and thinking part of the brain and that part which wants to work in its own way in an unstable way thus resulting to mental problems in future. As for the unconscious desires, the theory suggests that for instance, a person may fear to run over people because he actually wants to do it; thus to keep the consciousness out of mind, he uses a lot of energy which consequently gives the thought an obsessive quality (Meng, 2001, p. 14). Individual with severe depression tend to develop OCD symptoms just in the same way those with OCD suffer depression. Shame and guilt in life is also considered as a cause of OCD especially in children (Lowe, 2007). They tend to experience guilt over their needs at an early age a condition that is prevalent to fanatical people. According to Abramowitz (2009), the symptoms of OCD range from mild to brutal; they include compulsions, the need to act in order to cancel out an obsession, and obsessions, the feelings and thoughts which make the patient anxious or distressed. Even though most victims experienced both compulsions and obsessions, it is possible for a patient to exhibit only one. Compulsions are characterized by recurring behaviors such as checking to ensure that everything is well, washing and cleaning surfaces, hands etc, hoarding and collecting objects that are unnecessary and arranging things among others. Mental compulsion involves repeating of prayers or certain scriptures and/or phrases in the mind. Obsessions on the other hand are characterized by thoughts and feelings that the objects around are contaminated or dirty, worry about hygiene and health, urge to keep unnecessary things, disrupting thoughts about sex and/ or aggression, worry about safety; for instance worrying about a door that h as been left unlocked and general thoughts (Abramowitz, 2009, p. 9). Avoidance of dreaded situations is also familiar though it often leads to further preoccupation with the obsessive thoughts. OCD is diagnosed by administering screening inquiries to an individual who is suspected to be suffering from it, assessment of the family OCD history, and the existing symptoms. Apart from checking for symptoms of compulsion and obsession through mental-status examinaation, practitioners also investigate the possibility that the symptoms may be a result of another emotional infirmity and not OCD (Foa Kozak, 2005, p. 14). Most of the individuals suffering from OCD have experienced the symptoms indefinitely with periods of improvement alternating with those of difficulties. Nevertheless, the prognosis is preferential for victims with milder symptoms and those who had no other illnesses before developing OCD. According to Lowe (2007), OCD treatments include; medication and behavioral therapies. The most common medications that are prescribed to OCD patients are the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). Lowe asserts that the purpose of these medications is to increase the levels of neurochemical serotonin in the brain since they are usually low in OCD victims. As suggested by the name of the medications, SSRIs work by carefully and selectively holding back serotonin reuptake in the brain. This holding back specifically occurs at the junction where the nerve cells are interconnected, a place known as the synapse, so as to ensure that message transfer from one nerve cell to another is limited. SSRIs also keep the serotonin in the synapses. This is possible because they prevent serotonin reuptake back to the nerve cell that specializes in conveying the impulses. Serotonin reuptake is believed to be responsible for lessening the generation of new serotonin. As a result messages from serotonin keep on coming through. Consequently, this helps in activating the cells whi ch were initially deactivated by the OCD, thus relieving the patient of the symptoms of the disorder. Examples of SSRIs include sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram, fluoxetine, escitalopram and fluvoxamine (Lowe, 2007, p. 58). SSRIs can in general be tolerated since their side effects are generally gentle. Common side effects include agitation, nausea, headache, diarrhea, and insomnia however; these effects diminish in the first month of use. Other medications that can be used in place of the SSRIs are the clomipramine and atypical though their side effects have been reported to be severe than those of the SSRIs (Lowe, 2007, p. 58). Behavioral therapies that are commonly administered to OCD victims include; ritual avoidance and exposure. The avoidance of rituals engages a mental-health expert in helping the patient to oppose the push to engage in obsessive behaviors. Exposure therapy, on the other hand, is a process through which the OCD victim is exposed to situations that are likely to increase his urge to be involved in obsessive behaviors, thereby helping him him/her to resist the urge (Foa Kozak, 2005, p. 21). In other words, the behavioral experts help the OCD patients to transform their negative way of thinking that is linked with the anxiety involved with the OCD. In conclusion, OCD can be described as a type of disorder that results from recurring obsessions and compulsions whose effects are severe to an extent that they interfere with the victims way of relating to the surrounding and the people around him. Several factors have been brought forward to explain the causes of the disorder. Some of these include; brain and chemical dysfunction, infection, genetics, psychodynamics, depression and life, though the universally accepted cause is brain and chemical dysfunction. A person is said to have OCD if he show signs such as hoarding, repeated cleaning, concerns of security, hygiene etc. such signs are diagnosed by examining the patients family history as well as asking questions that screen his mental health. There are two ways through with OCD can be treated. One is by administering medications, SSRIs are the most recommended, and the second is behavioral therapy where the patients are helped to overcome their urge to get involved in compulsi ve thoughts. Buy custom Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder essay

Service Quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Service Quality - Essay Example Satisfaction, Loyalty and Retention†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Staff Recruitment, Training and Service Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 TQM (total quality management)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Chapter 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Chapter 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Primary findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Chapter 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..17 Abstract: The hospitality industry is surviving on high quality of services on a reasonable price. The customers are the revenue generators for the business houses and that is the reason they must be provided with the great quality service so they become the loyal customers. For any business empire whether it is small or big, the primary focus is how to retain their existing customers and how to acquire new customers. To retain the existing customers the in-depth understanding of the customer needs is very important. The service quality has become the primary focus of most of the organizations. Mainly for the fast food centers the service qualities are the baseline for the improvement of their performances. The service oriented factors are deeply associated with the loyalty programs (Brooks, 2010). The Service quality gap model gives the perfect picture of the gaps between the service given and service expected. This paper will focus on all the aspects of having good quality services and it will take an attempt to find out the customers perception about the best quality service. Introduction: In the hospitality industry the quality speaks the ultimate word. The hospitality industry is based on the service qualities of the people in the shops or in the restaurants. For many times it has been seen that even after providing the best survives the customers are not satisfied. In these cases the reason behind the dissatisfaction is very important to understand for the fast food centers. The service gap models help the managers to understand the gaps between the service provided and the services wa nted by the customers. However, in the recent time it is better to know the reaction from the mouth of the real time customers. And that is the reason, the primary data collection is very important. in. The primary and secondary data are important to support the outcome of the services related to the customer satisfaction. In regards to this research, the secondary data are collected from many secondary resources like online websites, articles, books and journals related to the customer satisfaction and service quality. And the primary data are colle

Music History Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music History Report - Essay Example The Romantic era was a period of vast change and emancipation. While the Classical era was restricted by laws of balance and restraint, the Romantic era moved away from that by allowing artistic freedom, creativity, and experimentation in their compositions. The music of this time was very expressive, and melody became the dominant feature. Composers even used this means of expression to display nationalism. This became the driving force in the late Romantic period, as composers used elements of folk music to express their cultural identity (â€Å"The Romantic Era†). As in any time of change, new musical techniques came about to fit in with the current trends. It was in this era when the nocturnes were developed. Nocturnes, defined as music inspired by the evening or night, is one of the most renowned style of music in present times. The nocturnes were first developed by Field in the 1800’s, and were popularized by Chopin in the later years. Chopin, being a child prodig y pianist, composed and played music leaving behind Field. These serene, calm, and tranquil by nature night pieces stir emotions in individuals making it one of the most remarkable developments in music. As one listens to the nocturnes, the listener stirs a feeling of reflection, realization, as well as nostalgia – creating drama into the life of the night.

Bubble Tea in Singapore Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bubble Tea in Singapore - Research Paper Example Bubble tea commenced its ascension to global recognition, thinning out from Taiwan to supplementary East Asian nations. It then wandered to Chinatowns all through the American States, and diverse college urban alongside the West Coast of America. There is existence of bubble teashops and cafes in the westernized countries and the United Kingdom. There are numerous variations of the drink, based on the kinds of tea employed and ingredients inclusion. Market research This research is aimed at guaranteeing generation of customers’ desire for Cha Time brand and not the firm’s assumptions of their wants. This research is yet to be undertaken in an attempt to supplement the sale of bubble tea in public places. Even though, this product is sold at restaurants and cafes, it has a wide household market (Lewis & Clark, 2008). Our main objective is to market the Cha Time brand at Ang Mo Kio Outlet Avenue 6. This research will enable reduction of risks for its trial in the novel ho usehold market in Singapore. Bubble Tea is a speedily increasing market in the Middle East, although it is relatively old Singapore, it is not widely spread in household delivery (Richardson, Rubinstein & Joseph, 2009). Market Analysis Summary Tea is the second principal product market besides oil, and expansion is anticipated to keep on at a sturdy velocity for the projected future. The field beverage business is rising at an evenly sturdy tempo, with sales increase in some classes likely to develop at speeds of 40% per annum. This development offers exceptional openings for new firms to come into this market in Singapore (Commins & Sampanvejsobha, 2008). Bubble tea delivery service of the Cha Time brand at Ang Mo Kio Outlet Avenue 6 is targeted at households and delivery is to every person’s doorstep. The aim of this research is to establish the growth of bubble tea industry in employing household delivery. We also seek to find out trends of the different flavors of to bran d in relation to its sales growth (Oakwell, 2007). Target Market Segment Strategy This product’s market is by now sizeable and the business continues to advance. People are now being introduced to the different flavors of the brand. It is not surprising to see people ordering PMT on a daily basis since they now fancy the tasty and sweet flavors. The household segment is the primary target as the potential in sales is unlimited in this market segment. This segment mostly needs quality delivery, prime and meritorious service, efficient and fast delivery system, automated bookings for deliveries and a comprehensive support in sales. The firm could benefit from a delivery system since people would want to receive service stress free to their places of residence (O’Dougherty, 2007). The automated system of booking will expand the target market into increased stress free bookings that will further elevate the sales to a substantial level. As the business expands, there will be eventual evaluation of the requirements of potential buyers and customers to their houses and places to deliver. Since delivery is targeted at interpersonal level then consumer behavior is prime in the delivery of bubble tea (Vanhuele & Wright, 2008). Hence, we define consumer behavior as: The analysis of personalities and groups and the ideologies they employ to choose, secure, employ, and throw away goods, services,

Customer Satisfaction Towards Hotel Service Quality Tourism Essay

Customer Satisfaction Towards Hotel Service Quality Tourism Essay The trend of the world markets has been changed from agricultural more into service markets (Asian Development Outlook, 2007). There are more and most of the service businesses are trying their best to improve their service quality in order to make their customers satisfied and fulfill with their services provide, especially the hotel industry. Hotel operators are now focus more on the quality standards in order to meet the basic needs and expectations of the customers. Once customers requirements are clearly identified and understood, hotel operators are more likely to anticipate and fulfill their customers needs and wants (Juwaheer Ross, 2003). Hospitality and Tourism sector is the biggest sector that contributes a lot of income to the world economy. The tourism sector and related services in particular have been keen to explore different ways of managing front-line staff specifically, because of their significance to the service encounter and impact on customer satisfaction (Conrad Lashley, 2009). The hospitality and tourism sector is often described as a people industry (Wood, 1992). Customer expectations and moods will form a vital basis for judging the success or failure of the service encounter (Bitner, Booms and Tetreault, 1990). As Choi Chu (2001) the more satisfied the customers, the more likely they will return or either extends their hotel stay. Service quality has been recognized as a key factor in differentiating service products. Customer satisfaction can be secured through high-quality products and services (Getty Getty, 2003; Gupta Chen, 1995; Tsang Qu, 2000). Edvardsson (1996) highlighted that the concept of service should be approached from the customers point of view, since it was his/her perception of the outcome that constituted the service. Customers may have different values and different grounds for assessment and, most of the time; they may perceive the same service in different ways. The concept of service quality has been the subject of many research studies in variety of service industries; even the research attention towards hospitality industry has been growing. However, these research studies were mostly focused on Australia, Korea, the United States (US), and Europe (Atilgan, Akinci, Aksoy, 2003; Davidson, 2003; Gabbie ONeill, 1996; Min Min, 1997; Wong, Dean, White, 1999; Worsfold, 1999). Only a minimal number of research studies related to service quality in the hospitality industry in the Malaysian context can be found throughout the review of literature. Furthermore, todays tourism business environment and the multicultural diversity of international tourists points to the importance of developing a better understanding of the culturally different tourist (Reisinger Turner, 1999). Previous studies reported that people from different cultures have different preferences, expectations and so travel consumption patterns (Wong Kwong, 2003). Cultural differences in value orientations and social behaviour have direct impacts on tourist holiday experiences. The hosts ability to respond effectively to a culturally different tourist was an important element determining positive tourist holiday experiences and satisfaction (Reisinger Turner, 1999). As mentioned by Camison (1996), poorness or non-existence of customer satisfaction measuring systems could cause the hotel companies to be lacking in market orientation. Attributes of the service and product that add value for the customer and increase his or her satisfaction might be unknown and that gives no guide to the hotel operators for improvement projects. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the expectations and the perceptions of service quality dimensions towards the hospitality industry in Malaysia from the hotel guests perspective by applying a modified version of the SERVQUAL model (Parasuraman, Zeithaml, Berry, 1988). In the hotel industry, most researchers are interested in maximizing customer satisfaction; satisfied customers tend to return and make the profit to hotel. Hernon Whitwan (2001) defined customer satisfaction as a measure of how the customer perceives service delivery. Liu (2000) stated, for example, that customer satisfaction is a function of service performance relative to the customer expectation. For this reason, it is important to understand how customer expectation is formed in order to identify the factors of service satisfaction. As Reisig Chandek (2001) discussed the fact that different customers have different expectations, based on their knowledge of a product or service. This can be implied that a customer may estimate what the service performance will be or may think what the performance ought to be. If the service performance meets or exceeds customers expectation, the customers will be satisfied. On the other hand, customers are more likely to be dissatisfied if the service performance is less than what they have expected. As mentioned earlier, a greater number of satisfied customers will make the hotel business more successful and more profitable. 1.2 Problem Statement Tourism is a fast growing industry in Malaysia, and there are different types of hotels serving guests and tourists. Many studies have been conducted in tourism organization related fields, but a few studies have been conducted in hotel service quality. Despite the importance and richness of the topic, few efforts have been made to investigate customers responses to service failure and service revitalization and the impacts of those important variables on service organizations. This study is focusing on service failure and their revitalization based on the assumption that there is no single service system that is hundred percent perfect. Furthermore, it is impossible for an organization to provide a superlative and most excellent service and at the same time evade service failures.The fact is service delivery is performed by humans and can always carry errors and some weaknesses. Service recovery which follows service failures provides possibilities for customers to evaluate the overall performance of a firms recovery efforts. Excellent service recovery is a critical issue in todays service businesses. According to Fornell and Wernerfelt (1987), defensive marketing strategies such as customer retention through excellent service recovery will be an effective means to triumph in todays competitive market mainly because attracting new customers is getting difficult and more expensive than retaining existing customers. Rakstis (1992) argues its costs the average business $118.15 to attract a new customer, whereas the figure is only $19.96 to keep a current customer happy. Therefore, excellent service recovery is required to improve customer retention by the effective handling of the service failure situations (Berry Parasuraman,1992). 1.4 Research Objectives The purpose of this study was to analyses factors that to examine and to compare the relation of importance by the hotel guests in terms of their expectations and perceptions towards to the service quality of the hotels in Malaysia and it will be group according to the hotel guests geographical regions. To judge whether demographic and work life influenced scores on the employee engagement scale, these two variables were be examined. Next, the exploratory research questions and hypotheses were built. After that, the literature review and the completion of a pilot experiment will be discussed. As will be expound later in Chapter Two, work life variables are thought to influence the level of employee engagement. Yet, there are not much of real lives experiences studies on employee engagement and the literature never specify which variables contain the strongest influences. There is no specified studies have examined employees specifically in the hospitality industry such as hotel, reso rt, or restaurant. Consequently, variables for this study were decided to be used as reviewing the limited data that are available about employee engagement. Following, the factors related to employee burnout will be discussed. The assumption of this study is that if a cause generates burnout, this cause may have a contrary connection to employee engagement. The factors that were probed for this study include company location, employees year of working in the company, gender, and whether the employees job task consists of controlling other employee or not. * to examine and to compare the levels of customer satisfaction towards their hotel stay in Malaysia according to the hotel guests countries of residence (grouped according to geographical regions). 1.5 Research Questions The research questions regarded as the most important for this study were stated at the following four: 1. What is the requirement on customer towards the service quality of the hotel? 2. What is the level of customers expectation and perception towards service quality of the hotel? 3. What is the discrepancy gap between customers expectation and perception towards service quality of the hotel? 4. How hotel can improve their service to fulfill customer needs and wants? 1.6 Hypothesis Statement This study tested four hypotheses that stated at below: 1. Engagement scores of respondents who works in urban area company locations will report higher than respondents who works in rural areas company locations. 2. Respondents who work longer years in the company will report lower engagement scores. 3. Female respondents will report lower levels of engagement than male respondents. 4. Respondents who work without supervisory job tasks will report lower engagement scores. Variables The Dependent variable in this study was the employees total score on the eight item employee management scale at the questionnaire survey. The Independent variables were the location of the employees company, the employees number of working year in the company, the employees gender, and supervisory job tasks. The type of cutoff by me was set to .03. 1.7 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework W. D. Kahn (1990) is credited with conceptualising the major components of employee engagement. According to him, employee engagement is different with employee involve him or herself into the job. Employee engagement not focuses on employees skills, but focuses on how the employee commits him or herself when performing the job. Engagement requires the active use of emotions as well as the simple use of cognition while performing job tasks (May, Gilson, Harter, 2004). The main propositions of his concept are that people express themselves cognitively, physically, and emotionally while performing their work roles. The idea suggests that, to make individuals fully engage with their job, three psychological conditions must be required in the working environment: meaningfulness (employees feel that the job tasks performed by them are worthwhile), safety (employees feel able to show and employ themselves without worry that they will make negative consequences to self-image, status, or career), and availability (at any given moment, employee believes that he or she has the physical, emotional or cognitive resources to engage him or herself in his or her job tasks) (Kahn, 1990). Another main proposition of the concept of employee engagement is that these three important psychological conditions are, to certain extent, within the control of company management. Coffman Gonzalez-Molina (2004) mentioned that employee engagement is also something that is changeable, and can be totally different from one workplace to another. Researches show that employees are, to some degree, a reflection of the managerial staffs of a company. The companys leadership, from top to bottom, can be evaluated by the engagement score (Townsend Gebhardt, 2007). Therefore, the results of employee engagement studies should be considered as applicable in the hospitality industry. One of the examples is, the managers in hospitality industrys companies could analyse data from engagement studies to set up and utilise strategies that would enhance employee engagement, in the same time reduce the risk of burnout and maximise benefits for the company as well as for the guests they serve. 1.8 Significance of the Study Through out the study, it will be given a practical guideline for the hotel management and hotel staff too. The outcome of the study will help hotel employee to develop and gaining knowledge and understanding in order to meet with the customer and customer needs and satisfaction. There will be two results show in the research, is either positive or negative result. If the result show in a positives way, the hotel owner and management with the employee would be happy what they have provided and they are in a correct way to do that. In contrast, if the result shows in negative way, it was challenge for the hotel owner, management and employee to understand what have they did wrong, they have to ready to learn and to capture and to study the customer needs and satisfaction, and it a good way to help themselves to improve their service. Hotel management should conduct and arrange some training program and also find out the mistake they have been make for all departments. The outcome of the study will provide a lot of useful information to the hotel owner, management and employee about to justify and understanding on customer satisfaction and service quality for the hotel and hospitality industry. The survey feedback may give a clear idea to the hotel the current understanding on their service towards their customer and it could be generate and carry out some of the new strategies to the hotel to fulfill customer needs and wants and also a benefit for the customer to let the hospitality industry know the requirement of them. The hospitality industry, hotel owner, hotel management and employee can understand how important the customer satisfaction and service quality. They can always refer to the survey feedback from the participants and measure on it. They could get a clear outcome and analyses on customer satisfaction and service quality; they can fully utilize and practice the changed strategies that would actually suit the hotel as well as the customer requirement. As time goes on, the overall effectiveness of the company will be increased widely, and in the same time, they will can get a positive result show on their feedback from their customer in term of repeated stay or extend their stay in the hotel and will make the hotel business more successful and more profitable. 1.9 Scopes and Limitations This research proposal consists of three chapters. The first chapter presents the introduction and background of the study, need for the study, problem statements, research objectives, research questions, hypothesis statement, theoretical and conceptual framework, significance of study, and limitations. The second chapter presents the literature reviews on evidence on burnout, previous researches of employee engagement, factors of employee burnout and employee engagement, as well as the summary of the literature reviews. There are few limitations in this study. Biases may be happen when respondents answering the survey questionnaire (Spiker, 2009). Not only that, the perceptions of the respondents who participate in this survey are specific to the rejuvenation sphere and may not alike with the ideas of employee working in other field of studies; so, caution is urged regarding validity outside. In addition, there is evidence showing that the survey questionnaires are less likely to be answered fully and honestly. This might be due to that the survey was conducted face-to-face, which leads to the loss of anonymity. In addition, most of the surveys are conducted at respondents workplaces and they might worry that their superiors misunderstood that they will provide private and confidential information to outsiders (Doyle, 2005). Office of the Auditor General of Canada (2007) also mentioned that another limitation of face-to face survey is costly due to the amount of time required to conduct surveys and to the cost of travel. 1.10 Definition of Terms For better understanding on this study, the following words and phrases are defined as follows: Customer expectation means uncontrollable factors including past experience, personal needs, word of mouth, and external communication about hotel service Customer perception means customers feelings of pleasure / displeasure or the reaction of the customers in relation to the performance of the hotel staff in satisfying / dissatisfying the services Service means relative intangibility, most important, service in the extreme are deeds, processes, and performaces (Ziethaml Bitner 2000) Service quality means the difference between the customers expectation of service and their perceived service. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION In order to enhance clarity, this chapter begins by explaining the meaning of OCB and the dimensionality of OCB. Next, antecedents and consequences of OCB are discussed. As the focus of this study is the relationship between OCB and job performance, the discussions on this relationship is presented in greater detail followed by the mediating effect of work environment.

The Problem of Poverty: Welfare in America Essays -- Poverty Essays

The Problem of Poverty: Welfare in America For centuries, nations, cities, and individual families have dealt with the problem of poverty; how to remedy current situations and how to prevent future ones. For most of history, there have been no government controlled poverty assistance programs. The poor simply relied on the goodness of their families or, if they did not have a family, on the generosity of the public at large. In the United States, this situation changed in 1935 with the passage of the Social Security Act. The Social Security Act has seen many successes, but it also faces many critiques of its structure and function. In the past, most governments did little to actively aid their poor population. This duty was understood to fall on the families of the poor individuals, charity groups, and generous individuals. Some governments aided their needy in indirect ways. One of the first government-mediated assistance programs was passed by the English Parliament in 1601 as the Act for the Relief of the Poor. This act s et up local 'parishes' that were responsible for taking care of the poor in their own district. However, the government provided no funds to facilitate this program?the parishes were responsible for levying and collecting taxes to finance their programs. Though it would be considered a very primitive form of welfare by today?s standards, it was a large step toward government-mediated welfare compared to the English system 250 years before that. In 1349, Parliament forbade charity on the grounds that it might encourage laziness. Since then, public attitudes have changed about the responsibility of the citizens and the government to provide for the assistance of the needy. Limited federal assistance was given to war veterans and their families beginning during the Civil War, but large scale assistance to the general needy community was not available for almost 75 more years (Komisar 48). A large contribution toward the assistance of the poor in the United States came during the Progre ssive movement around the turn of the century. Activist groups championed not only workers rights in the form of unions, but also the right of every citizen to have access to decent living conditions (Komisar 67). The Progressive movement slackened during the prosperous ?20s, but the social welfare issue was forcefully placed back into the public con... ...banks could meet the needs of the increased number of people who seek their services. Although it is probably impossible to achieve complete freedom from poverty, society need not sit idly by in the face of such a monumental challenge. Indeed, it is the public duty of each individual to aid in the improvement of the lives of poor persons around the nation and around the world. Large-scale, complex systems such as the one now in place in America, only serve to create an inefficient, costly effort that could be achieved with less manpower and fewer dollars. Government oversight and subsidizing of private contributions toward the elimination of poverty is a far more efficient, adaptive, and economical way of working toward the eradication of the problem of poverty. Bibliography Garfinkel, Irwin. ?Welfare?, World Book Encyclopedia, World Book Inc., New York, Vol 21, pp. 191-193, Â ©1988. Komisar, Lucy. Down and Out in the USA: A History of Public Welfare. Rev. ed. Watts, Chicago, Â ©1977. Patterson, James. America?s Struggle Against Poverty, 1900-1980., Harvard Press, Boston, Â ©1981. Segalman, Ralph. Poverty in America: The Welfare Dilemma, Greenwood, Los Angeles, Â ©1981

Articles of Confederation and Articles of Constitution Essay

After the Declaration of Independence, there was a sense among Congressman that they wanted a written document creating a government justifying the existence of the United States. The delegates of the Second Continental Congress were attempting to codify arrangements that had never before put into legal terminology. As a result, in late 1777, the Articles of Confederation, creating a loose â€Å"league of friendship† between the thirteen sovereign or independent colonies, were passed by the Congress and presented to the states for ratification. The Articles created a type of government where the national government derives its powers directly from the states. The Articles was finally ratified by all the thirteen states in March 1781. Although it had its flaws, the government under the Articles of confederation saw the nation through the Revolutionary War. However, once the British surrendered in 1781, and the new nation found itself no longer united by the war effort, the government quickly fell into chaos. The Articles of Confederation was written during the War for Independence and at a time when a strong national government was regarded with suspicion. The Articles created a confederacy where most of the power was vested in the states. The confederation’s most important accomplishment was its resolution of some of the controversies involving the western lands. The Articles provided a national government with a Congress empowered to declare war, make peace, coin money, appoint officers for an army, control the post office, and negotiate treaties with Indian tribes. States were independent and sovereign to govern within its territories. The Congress was unicameral and each state had one vote in the Continental congress, regardless of its size. The vote of nine states out of thirteen was considered a unanimous vote for any amendment. Tariffs were regarded as amendments and therefore almost impossible to pass depriving the national government of needed revenue. Congress functioned as a legislative body to pass laws and executive body to enforce them if needed. Americans had great loyalties to their states and often did not even think of themselves as Americans. This lack of national identity or loyalty in the absence of a war to unite the citizenry fostered a reluctance to give any power to the national government. Congress had no specific power to tax. Articles of Confederation did not allow Congress to regulate commerce among the states or with foreign nations. The Articles of Confederation had no provision for judicial system to handle the growing number of economic conflicts and boundary disputes among the individual states. The failure of the Congress to muster an army to put down the Shays’s Rebellion provided a dramatic example of the weakness inherent in the Articles of Confederation and shocked the nation’s leaders into recognizing the new national government’s inadequacies. And, it finally prompted several state delegates to meet in Annapolis, Maryland in 1786 to call for a convention in Philadelphia in may of 1787 for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation. On the first day of convention , Edmund Randolph and James Madison of Virginia proposed the Virginia Plan. Many delegates, including William Patterson of New Jersey, considered these resolution’s to be in violation of the convention’s charter, and proposed the New Jersey Plan, which took greater steps to preserve the Articles. These proposals met the heated debate on the convention’s floor. Eventually the Virginia Plan triumphed following a declaration from Randolph that, â€Å"When the salvation of the Republic is at stake, it would be treason not to propose what we found necessary.† Though the basic structure of the new government was established, the work was not complete. These differences were resolved through a series of compromises. The Great Compromise, proposed by Roger Sherman of Connecticut made a way for the Bicameral legislature in the constitution. Lower House or the House of Representatives consisted representation based on population, which would have the power to originate all bills for raising and spending money. Whereas the Upper House or Senate had equal representation, two senators from each state. The national government would have the supreme power. The Three-fifths Compromise determined that slaves would be counted as 3/5s on 1 for the purposes of taxation and representation in the House of Representatives. Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise decided that the slave trade would be abolished in 20 years.(i.e. January 1808). It also gave Congress, the power to regulate commerce including interstate commerce or trade between states and also to enact tariffs by a simple majority. The first three articles established three branches of government. The legislative branch; Article I vests all legislative powers in the congress and establishes a bicameral legislature, consisting of Senate and the House of Representatives. The Executive Branch; Article II vests the authority to execute the laws of the nation, in a president of the United States. The Judicial Branch; Article III establishes a Supreme Court and defines its jurisdiction. The four remaining articles define the relationship among the states, declare national law to be supreme and set out methods of amending constitution. Three-fourths of the state vote would be required for any amendment. Only the national government would have power to coin money. Taxes were laid and collected by congress instead of the states in Confederation. Once the Constitution was approved by the convention, the next step was ratification by the states. The framers required the states to call special ratifying conventions for the purpose of ratifying or rejecting the proposed constitution. Those who favored new strong government chose to call themselves Federalists. On the other hand, Anti-Federalists argued that they simply wanted to protect state governments from the tyranny of a too powerful national government. Between October 1787 and May 1788, a series of eighty-five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay appeared in newspapers in New York, a state where ratification was in doubt. These essays written in support of ratification of the U.S. Constitution became known as â€Å"The Federalist Papers†. Aside from diminishing the power of the states, the main objection from the Anti-Federalists appeared to be the lack of written protection of individual rights and liberties. Once, the constitution was ratified, the elected congress immediately sent a set of ten amendments, known as â€Å"Bill of Rights† to states for their ratification. They offered a numerous specific limitations on the national government’s ability to interfere with a wide variety of personal liberties, some of which were already guaranteed by many state constitutions. These include freedom of expression, speech, press, religion, and assembly guaranteed by the first amendment. // o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t=†Ã¢â‚¬ ,o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "studymoose.com"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e